home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- "How Much Land Does A Man Need?" by Leo Tolstoy
- The Greed of Americans During Westward Expansion
-
- The story, ôHow Much Land Does a Man Need?ö, by Leo Tolstoy
- is a story about Americans taking advantage of the Indians.
- Although it is set in Russia, it is about the greed that
- many people had at the time and the outcome of that greed.
- The opening scene represents the Europeans coming over
- to America. During that time, the mid-1800Æs, the Europeans
- were rich and their relatives in America were poor. The
- younger sister in the story represents the Americans and the
- older sister represents the Europeans. The poor Americans,
- like the younger sister in the story, did not mind having to
- work hard all the time. They enjoyed their freedom and
- security. Even though they were content, it wasnÆt
- complete. In the story, Pahom agrees with his peasant wife
- but wishes they had more land to work with.
- ôOur only trouble is that we havenÆt land enough. If I
- had plenty of land, I shouldnÆt fear the Devil
- himself!ö (p 212)
- The devil here is greed itself. It is here that we see the
- greed begin to manifest, as it did in Americans over a
- hundred years ago.
- The story goes on and we see Pahom becoming agitated
- the he has to pay fines all the time because of his animals
- wandering. This represents the American people having to
- pay fines, such as taxes and tariffs, to the government in
- the mid-1800Æs. Pahom lives in a commune and some of the
- people have begun to buy their own tracts of land. He sees
- this and decides that it would be a good idea if he did the
- same thing. He was worried that if he didnÆt act soon, he
- would miss his chance. He wouldnÆt have to pay any fines
- and could keep all the money he makes. The more people
- heard about it, the more they wanted it for themselves.
- Pahom finally gets his own land and is happy with it.
- Inevitably, some problems arise with PahomÆs land.
- Other peopleÆs animals were getting onto land and ruining
- his crops. At first he just put up with it. Eventually
- though he became a hypocrite.
- ôSo he had them up, gave them a lesson, and then
- another, and two or three of the peasants were fined.ö
- (p 214)
- He began to impose fines on people the same way they were
- imposed on him earlier in the story. Needless to say,
- people were very angry with him. Some people began to leave
- the commune, eastern United States, and leave for new parts,
- the west. Pahom was content to stay until he heard from a
- stranger that the land was great where people were moving.
- This could be compared to news getting back to the east
- coast about all that was happening on the move west. So
- Pahom went to check things out, liked what he saw, and
- moved.
- Here things went well, for awhile. Pahom was happy
- having ten times as much land. He had land for everything
- he needed. But after awhile, it came to be to little. His
- greed was growing out of control. He was ready to buy more
- land but a passing stranger told him about a place he had
- just come from, more news from the west. Pahom was told
- about the best land ever and how cheap it was. Pahom
- travels to inquire about the land. When he arrives, he
- finds it just as he was told it was going to be. The people
- that live on the land, the Bashkirs, are a very simple and
- happy people. They do not speak the same language as Pahom,
- though. These people are the native Americans. As the
- European settlers moved west they came across the natives.
- Tolstoy describes:
- ôThey were all stout and merry, and all the summer long
- they never thought of doing any work. They were quite
- ignorant, and knew no Russian, but were very
- good-natured.ö (p217)
- When people first encountered the Indians, they thought them
- to be stupid and lazy, easy to take advantage of. With the
- help of a translator, Pahom makes his purposes know. The
- Chief, though, speaks Russian. Many native Americans knew
- how to speak English because they were constantly exposed to
- English speaking men. They made a deal that whatever deal
- Pahom could walk around would be his. His greed was out of
- control at this point. He was so sure about how much land
- he could cover that he thought he was stealing for them.
- The night before he had a dream that the devil was
- sitting over his dead body laughing. He dismisses it and
- goes back to sleep. The next day he starts out to stake his
- claim. He is trying so hard to get as much as possible that
- he miss judges how far he has gone and begins to have
- problems walking. He is tired, hot, and hurt. He has to
- start running to make it back in time. Pahom begins to
- realize that he should not have been so greedy, as it is
- taking itÆs toll on him. He barely makes it back on time,
- and alive. Right as he gets to the finish, he sees the
- Chief sitting and laughing, just like the devil in his
- dream. He collapses and dies right as he finishes. He is
- buried right there.
- ôHis servant picked up the spade and dug a grave long
- enough for Pahom to lie in, and buried him in it. Six
- feet from his head to his heels was all he need.ö
- (p 222)
- This story represents the greed present in Americans
- during the time of the settlement of western America.
- Americans were very greedy people. They were never content
- with what they had and, in more than one way, destroyed
- their own lives to try and get more for themselves.
-
-